The hill is rocky and steep on all sides except for the western side, and has an extensive, nearly flat top. Strong fortification walls have surrounded the summit of the Acropolis for more than 3, years. The first fortification wall was built during the 13th century BC, and surrounded the residence of the local Mycenaean ruler. The sanctuary reached its peak in the archaic period mid-6th century to early 5th century BC. In the 5th century BC, the Athenians, empowered from their victory over the Persians, carried out an ambitious building programme under the leadership of the great statesman Perikles, comprising a large number of monuments including the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, the Propylaia and the temple of Athena Nike.
The monuments were developed by an exceptional group of architects such as Iktinos, Kallikrates, Mnesikles and sculptors such as Pheidias, Alkamenes, Agorakritos , who transformed the rocky hill into a unique complex, which heralded the emergence of classical Greek thought and art.
On this hill were born Democracy, Philosophy, Theatre, Freedom of Expression and Speech, which provide to this day the intellectual and spiritual foundation for the contemporary world and its values. Criterion i : The Athenian Acropolis is the supreme expression of the adaptation of architecture to a natural site. This grand composition of perfectly balanced massive structures creates a monumental landscape of unique beauty, consisting of a complete series of architectural masterpieces of the 5th century BC: the Parthenon by Iktinos and Kallikrates with the collaboration of the sculptor Pheidias ; the Propylaia by Mnesikles ; the Temple of Athena Nike by Mnesikles and Kallikrates ; and Erechtheion Criterion ii : The monuments of the Athenian Acropolis have exerted an exceptional influence, not only in Greco-Roman antiquity, during which they were considered exemplary models, but also in contemporary times.
Throughout the world, Neo-Classical monuments have been inspired by all the Acropolis monuments. Criterion iii : From myth to institutionalized cult, the Athenian Acropolis, by its precision and diversity, bears a unique testimony to the religions of ancient Greece. It is the sacred temple from which sprung fundamental legends about the city. Beginning in the 6th century BC, myths and beliefs gave rise to temples, altars and votives corresponding to an extreme diversity of cults, which have brought us the Athenian religion in all its richness and complexity.
Athena was venerated as the goddess of the city Athena Polias ; as the goddess of war Athena Promachos ; as the goddess of victory Athena Nike ; as the protective goddess of crafts Athena Ergane , etc.
Most of her identities are glorified at the main temple dedicated to her, the Parthenon, the temple of the patron-goddess.
Criterion iv : The Athenian Acropolis is an outstanding example of an architectural ensemble illustrating significant historical phases since the 16th century BC. Firstly, it was the Mycenaean Acropolis Late Helladic civilization, BC which included the royal residence and was protected by the characteristic Mycenaean fortification.
The monuments of the Acropolis are distinctly unique structures that evoke the ideals of the Classical 5th century BC and represent the apex of ancient Greek architectural development. Criterion vi : The Acropolis is directly and tangibly associated with events and ideas that have never faded over the course of history. The rock rises from the basin about 70 meters and levels to a flat top meters long by meters wide. Its flat top is due to the numerous landfills that have accommodated construction of fortifications and temples since the Mycenaean era.
With its many shallow caves, the abundant percolating water springs and steep slopes, the Acropolis was a prime location for habitation and worship location for Neolithic man. While the area around Attica was inhabited during the Upper Paleolithic period — BCE , archaeological evidence suggests that the small caves around the Acropolis rock and the Klepsythra spring were in use during the Neolithic Period BCE.
The chronicle of the Acropolis of Athens is lost in prehistory, to a time even before the plane of Attica began to be cultivated. In Mycenaean times small towns developed around a fortified citadel where the king resided and controlled the surrounding area. The statue disappeared in late antiquity, and was likely destroyed —but thanks to Roman replicas , we can still get an idea of what the Athena Parthenos looked like.
To experience a facsimile of its full scale, however, you must travel to Nashville, Tennessee. There, in the s, artist Alan LeQuire created a full-sized reconstruction of Athena Parthenos, now housed within the city's Parthenon replica. It was quarried at Mount Pentelicus , located 10 miles to the northeast of Athens and famed for the uniformity of its white marble.
It was hard labor to quarry the marble, with stonemasons using iron wedges and mallets to pound apart blocks along their fissures. From Mount Pentelicus, workers used a downhill road to move the marble on its long journey to Athens, where they still had to get the rocks up the steep slopes of the Acropolis.
Although our vision of ancient Greece is often of gleaming white marble, the Parthenon, and other buildings at the Acropolis, were once colorful. Recent tests during laser cleaning of the Parthenon revealed shades of blue, red, and green. The pediment statues on the Parthenon, showing the birth of Athena and her battle with Poseidon to rule Athens, were accented with paint and even bronze accessories.
Over time the stones were bleached in the sunlight, and the neoclassical movements of art in the 18th and 19th centuries embraced a romanticized perceptive of a pristine white past. Yet traces of pigment on Greek marble sculpture show that these sites were kaleidoscopic in their colors. Located on the slopes of the Acropolis is what's considered the oldest weather station in the world. Known as the Tower of the Winds, the octagonal marble structure dates back years, and is likely to have once held a bronze wind vane above its sundial.
Many historians also believe that it contained a water clock that was hydraulically powered with water flowing down the steep Acropolis hill, so that Athenians could tell the time even after dark. Dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, the Parthenon sits high atop a compound of temples known as the Acropolis of Athens. Throughout the centuries, the The term Ancient, or Archaic, Greece refers to the years B.
Archaic Greece saw advances in art, poetry and technology, but is known as the age in which the polis, or city-state, was Few monuments in the world are more recognizable than the Parthenon.
Sitting atop a limestone hill rising some feet above the Ilissos Valley in Athens, this soaring marble temple built in tribute to the goddess Athena brings the glory of ancient Greece into the modern world. Ancient Greek ruins that survive today are among the most iconic landmarks in the world. Grand structures like the Acropolis in Athens are a testament to a culture defined by advancement and innovation, especially in art and architecture.
In the middle of 5th Mycenae is an ancient city located on a small hill between two larger hills on the fertile Argolid Plain in Peloponnese, Greece. The Bronze-age acropolis, or citadel built on a hill, is one of the great cities of the Mycenaean civilization that played a vital role in classical Delphi was an ancient religious sanctuary dedicated to the Greek god Apollo.
Developed in the 8th century B. The Hagia Sophia is an enormous architectural marvel in Istanbul, Turkey, that was originally built as a Christian basilica nearly 1, years ago. Ephesus was an ancient port city whose well-preserved ruins are in modern-day Turkey. The city was once considered the most important Greek city and the most important trading center in the Mediterranean region. Throughout history, Ephesus survived multiple attacks and changed The Pantheon is one of the best-preserved monuments of ancient Rome.
The structure, completed around A. The Pantheon is situated on Live TV. This Day In History.
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